Selfstudy Content

Human society and animal society differ in several key ways: 1. Complexity:-  Human societies are generally more complex, with larger populations, more specialized roles, and more intricate social hierarchies, whereas, animal societies are complex in their own rights; tend to be smaller and straightforward. 2. Culture:- Human societies have developed cultures, including language, customs, beliefs, and values, which are passed down through generations. Animal societies do not possess culture in the same way. 3. Technology:-  Humans have developed technology to adapt to their environments, whereas animals rely on instinct and natural abilities. 4. Social Structure:-  Human societies often have more flexible and dynamic social structures, whereas animal societies tend to be more rigid and hierarchical. 5. Communication:- Humans possess advanced language abilities, while animals communicate primarily through instinctual behaviors and vocalizations. 6. Self-Awareness:-  Humans have a high

  # In Tabular Form   Society A Society  1. Society is a complex arrangement of social relations. 1. A society is a group of individuals. 2. Society is abstract. 2. A society is concrete. 3. Society is intangible. 3. A society is tangible. 4. No geographical area of its own. 4. It has a definite geographical area. 5. Society is complex and comprehensive system. 5. A society is a relative simple and limited system. 6. There is durability. 6. There is variability. 7. An unusual concept. 7. A specific concept. 8. Cooperation and struggle have equal importance. 8. Cooperation matters. 9. The culture, structure and values are bot clear. 9. The culture, structure and values are also clear. 10. Mutual interaction between people. 10. No mutual interaction. #  In Text Form 1. Society is a complex arrangement of social relations. While A society is a group of individuals. 2. Society is abstract. While A

# Meaning of Society The term society is derived from Latin word ‘socius’ which means ‘companionship’ or ‘association’ or ‘togetherness’. Thus, society refers to a group of people living together with shared cultures, having social interactions and inter-relationships. In sociology, the term society refers not just to a group of people but to the complete pattern of the norms of interaction that arise among them. It is a process rather than a thing, motion rather than structure. A layman often defines society as an aggregation or collection of individuals. The important aspect of society is the system of relationships, the patterns of norms of interaction by which the members of society maintain themselves. #  Definition of Society 1. According to G.D.H. Cole :- “Society is the complex of organized associations and institutions within the community.” 2. According to Richard LaPiere :- “Society refers not just to a group of people, but to the complex pattern of norms of interaction th

# Social Movement In a society a large number of changes have been brought about by efforts exerted by people individually and collectively. Such efforts have been called social movements. A social movement is defined as a collectively acting with some continuity to promote or resist a change in the society or group of which it is a part. A social movement may also be directed to resist a change. Some movements are directed to modify certain aspects of the existing social order whereas others may aim to change it completely. The former are called Reform movements and the latter are called Revolutionary movements. # Definition of Social Movements 1. According to Lundberg :- “Social movement as a voluntary association of people engaged in concerted efforts to change attitudes, behavior and social relationship in a larger society.” 2. According to Anderson & Parker :- “Social movement is a form of dynamic pluralistic behavior which progressively develops structure throughout time an

# Meaning of Casteism Casteism is a blind group loyalty towards one’s own caste or sub caste which does not care for the interests of the other castes and their members. Casteism is partial or one-sided loyalty in favor of particular caste. The sense of caste is converted to casteism only when consideration of superiority between castes and the tendency to consider the interest of one’s own caste as opposed to the other castes are attached to it. # Definition of Casteism 1.  According to D.N. Prasad :- “Casteism is loyalty to the caste translated into politics.” 2. According to Kaka Kelkar :- “Casteism is an overriding blind and supreme group loyalty that ignores the healthy social standards of justice, fair play, equality and universal brotherhood.” # Characteristics of Casteism 1. C asteism ignores and does not care for the interest of other caste. It signifies blind caste or sub-caste loyalty. 2. It hinders the spirit of democracy. It is an anti-democratic. 3. Casteism ignores huma

# Meaning of Regionalism The term regionalism has two connotations: First, In the negative sense it implies excessive state. Second, In the positive sense it is a political attribute associated with people’s love for their region, culture, language, etc. with a view to maintain their independent identity. Regionalism is a political ideology that focuses on the interests of a particular region, group of regions or other subnational entity. The region as a social system is the relation between different groups of people. Regionalism is the sense to affection and attachment for people belonging to one’s on region and hatred for those who belong to some other region Regionalism in India has assumed various forms and found in more than one way. Regionalism in this context is understood to mean as a feelings of the people and their love more for their own region than for the country as a whole. # Definition of Regionalism 1.  According to W.P. Scott :- “Regionalism is an approach to study th

#  Communalism Communalism is a political philosophy, which proposes that market and money be abolished and that land and enterprises to be placed in the custody of community. But in the Indian subcontinent context, communalism has come to be associated with tensions and clashes between different religious communities in various religions. Problem that arises between the socio-religious relations of the people who belong to various minority communities on the one hand and the majority community on the other can be referred to as Communalism. It is important to note that Indian society was never homogeneous throughout history. It was a highly diverse religiously, culturally, caste-wise and linguistically but there was a hardly any tension between these groups. It all began with establishment of British rule in India and so most of the scholars agree that communalism is a modern phenomenon and not a medieval phenomenon. # Definition of Communalism 1.  According to Hussain Shaheen :- “If

#  Urbanization It is derived from the Latin ‘Urbs’ a term used by the Roman to a city. Urbanization is the movement of population from rural to urban areas and the resulting increasing proportion of population that resides in urban rather than rural places. Urbanization refers to the process of increase in the number of people living in urban areas and the ways in which the population adapts to the change. Urbanization increases with industrialization. As urbanization increases, a number of towns and cities increases and people begin to live and work in central areas. Urbanization is a result of the historic transformation of human societies, where the rural culture is being replaced by urban culture. # Definition of Urbanization 1.  According to Louis Wirth :- “Urbanization is a process of extension or accentuation of the mode of life, characteristic of a city.” 2. According to J.C. Mitchell :- “Urbanization is the process of becoming urban, moving to cities, changing from agricultur