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# Meaning of Caste The word caste derived from the Portuguese word 'Casta' which means 'species', 'race' or 'breed'. Caste is a system of social stratification. It involves ranking according to birth and determined one's occupation marriage and social relationships. There is a prescribed set of norms, values and sanction which govern social behavior within caste. Caste systems are separated group of people based on their ancestry. They often restrict people to certain professions or who they can marry based upon ancestral lines. In Bhagavad Geeta, it is clearly stated that castes shall be based on qualities and skills. However, in reality the castes are assigned according to birth. # Definition of Caste 1. According to Majumdar and Madan :- “Caste is a closed class.” 2. According to C.H. Cooley :- “When a class is somewhat strictly hereditary, we may call it a caste.” 3. According to Ketker :- “A caste is a group having two characteristics: (a) membe...
# Meaning of Tribes The word ‘tribe’ is derived from the Latin word ‘tribus’ meaning ‘one third’. The word originally referred to one of the three territorial groups that united to form Rome. A tribe is a group of people who share a common religion, history, language or culture. Each tribe is unique and often will have own practices, many of which differ from other tribes. Tribes in India are called Janjati, Vanyajati, Vanavasi, Adimjati, Adivasi, etc. # Definition of Tribes 1. According to Majumdar :- “A tribe is a collection of families or groups of families bearing common name, members of which occupy the same territory, speak the same language and observe certain taboos regarding marriage, profession or occupation and have developed a well-established system of reciprocity and mutuality of obligations.” 2. According to Gillin :- “Any collection of pre-literate local group that occupies a common general territory, speaks a common language and practices a common cult...
# Social Movement In a society a large number of changes have been brought about by efforts exerted by people individually and collectively. Such efforts have been called social movements. A social movement is a sustained collective effort to shape or transform society, either by driving change or resisting it. It's a collaborative endeavor that seeks to address specific issues or overhaul the existing social structure. Social movements can take various forms, from advocating for incremental reforms to pushing for radical, revolutionary change. While some movements focus on tweaking specific aspects of the status quo, others aim to upend it entirely, seeking fundamental transformation. The former are known as reform movements, working within the system to effect gradual change, while the latter are revolutionary movements, seeking to dismantle and rebuild the social order from the ground up. # Definition of Social Movements 1. According to Lundberg :- “Social movement as a volunt...
# Urbanization It is derived from the Latin ‘Urbs’ a term used by the Roman to a city. Urbanization is the movement of population from rural to urban areas and the resulting increasing proportion of population that resides in urban rather than rural places. Urbanization refers to the process of increase in the number of people living in urban areas and the ways in which the population adapts to the change. Urbanization increases with industrialization. As urbanization increases, a number of towns and cities increases and people begin to live and work in central areas. Urbanization is a result of the historic transformation of human societies, where the rural culture is being replaced by urban culture. # Definition of Urbanization 1. According to Louis Wirth :- “Urbanization is a process of extension or accentuation of the mode of life, characteristic of a city.” 2. According to J.C. Mitchell :- “Urbanization is the process of becoming urban, moving to cities, changing from a...