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Sociology Notes Download PDF

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  Sociology Notes Download notes of Sociology in English. Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here     ...
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Caste system in India- Meaning, Definition, Characteristics, Merits and Demerits

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# Meaning of Caste The word caste derived from the Portuguese word 'Casta' which means 'species', 'race' or 'breed'. Caste is a system of social stratification. It involves ranking according to birth and determined one's occupation marriage and social relationships. There is a prescribed set of norms, values and sanction which govern social behavior within caste. Caste systems are separated group of people based on their ancestry. They often restrict people to certain professions or who they can marry based upon ancestral lines. In Bhagavad Geeta, it is clearly stated that castes shall be based on qualities and skills. However, in reality the castes are assigned according to birth. # Definition of Caste 1. According to Majumdar and Madan :- “Caste is a closed class.” 2. According to C.H. Cooley :- “When a class is somewhat strictly hereditary, we may call it a caste.” 3. According to Ketker :- “A caste is a group having two characteristics: (a) membe...
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Tribes- Meaning, Definition, Characteristics, Problems, Welfare and Basic safeguard provided by Indian Constitution

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# Meaning of Tribes The word ‘tribe’ is derived from the Latin word ‘tribus’ meaning ‘one third’. The word originally referred to one of the three territorial groups that united to form Rome. A tribe is a group of people who share a common religion, history, language or culture. Each tribe is  unique and often will have own practices, many of which differ from other tribes. Tribes in India are called Janjati, Vanyajati, Vanavasi, Adimjati, Adivasi, etc. # Definition of Tribes 1.  According to Majumdar :- “A tribe is a collection of families or groups of families bearing common name, members of which occupy the same territory, speak the same language and observe certain taboos regarding marriage, profession or occupation and have developed a well-established system of reciprocity and mutuality of obligations.” 2.  According to Gillin :- “Any collection of pre-literate local group that occupies a common general territory, speaks a common language and practices a common cult...
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Social Movement- Meaning, Definition, Characteristics, Types and Factors

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# Social Movement In a society a large number of changes have been brought about by efforts exerted by people individually and collectively. Such efforts have been called social movements. A social movement is a sustained collective effort to shape or transform society, either by driving change or resisting it. It's a collaborative endeavor that seeks to address specific issues or overhaul the existing social structure.  Social movements can take various forms, from advocating for incremental reforms to pushing for radical, revolutionary change. While some movements focus on tweaking specific aspects of the status quo, others aim to upend it entirely, seeking fundamental transformation. The former are known as reform movements, working within the system to effect gradual change, while the latter are revolutionary movements, seeking to dismantle and rebuild the social order from the ground up. # Definition of Social Movements 1. According to Lundberg :- “Social movement as a volunt...
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Educational Institutions- Meaning, Definitions, Characteristics and Types

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# Meaning of Educational Institutions The term education has been derived from the Latin word ‘educare’ which  means ‘to educate’, ‘to bring up’, ‘to raise’ or ‘to elevate’. Educational institutions are organizations that provide structured learning  environments for students to acquire knowledge, skills, and values.  These institutions can be formal, such as schools, colleges, and universities or  informal, such as community centers, libraries, museums, online courses and  platforms, etc. # Definitions  of  Educational Institutions 1. According to Emile Durkheim :- "Institutions that transmit the collective  knowledge and values of society, and shape individuals into competent  members." 2. According to Max Webe r:- "Organizations that provide specialized training  and certification for social roles and positions." 3. According to Talcott Parsons :- "Institutions that socialize individuals into the  dominant culture and pre...
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