Selfstudy Content

# Meaning of Social Groups A social group consists of two or more people who regularly interact based on mutual expectations and share a common identity. A social group may be defined as an aggregate of people who are interrelated and share a common identity, a sense of unity, and certain goals. For example:- A family living in a home, a group of employees working in the same organization, a group of classmates, a group of members of a meeting and so on. # Definition of Social Groups 1.  According to Johnson :- “A social group is a system of social interaction.” 2.  According to Ogburn and Nimkoff :- “Whenever two or more individuals come together and influence one another, they may be said to be constitute a social group.” 3.  According to MacIver :- “Any collection of social beings who enter into distinctive social relationships with one another.” 4.  According to Bogardus :- “Social group as number of persons, two or more, who have common objects of attention, who are stimulating t

# Meaning of Association An association can be called a group of people who come together to achieve a particular purpose or goal, and that too for a limited period of time. For example:- Family, church, trade union, music club, etc. # Definition of Association 1.  According to Bogardus :- “Association is usually working together of people to achieve some purposes.” 2.   According to MacIver :- “An association is an organization deliberately formed for the collective pursuit of some interest which its members share.” 3.  According to Gisbert :- “Association is a group of people united for a specific purpose or limited number of purposes.” 4.  According to Gillin : - “Association is a group of individuals united for a specific purpose or purposes and held together by recognized or sanctioned modes of procedure or behaviours.” 5.  According to Ginsberg :- “An association is a group of social beings related to one another by the fact that they possess or have instituted in common an organ

Rural community and urban community differ in several key ways: 1. Size and density:- Small population size and low population  density. Whereas, large population size and high population density. 2. Living area:- Rural community lives in village. Whereas, urban community lives in cities or towns. 3. Relationships:- There is close-knit relationships in rural community. On the other hand, there is anonymity and impersonal relationships in urban community. 4. Economy:- Agriculture-based economy that is farming, livestock, forestry, fishing in rural community. Whereas, diverse economy that is industry,  services, technology in urban community. 5. Education:- Limited access to higher education in rural community. On the other hand, access to higher education and  specialized training in urban community. 6. Services:-  There is limited access to healthcare, transportation and shopping options in rural community. Whereas, there is wide range of healthcare,  transportation and shopping opt

# Meaning of Community The term community is derived from two Latin words ‘com’ means ‘together’ and ‘munis’ means ‘serve’. Thus,  community means serve together. Community is a group of individuals or collection of individuals who come together for serving together. A community is a group of people who share common interests, goals and values and who interact with each  other in meaningful ways. Community therefore includes: (a) Common area (b) Common interests (c) Common independent life (d) Sense of ‘we feeling’ # Definition of Community  1. According to Bogardus :- “Community is a social group with some degree of we feeling and living in given area.” 2. According to Kingsley Davis :- “Community is the smallest territorial group that cam embrace all aspect of social  life.” 3. According to Osburn :- “Community is a group of people living in continuous geographic area, having centre of  interest and activities and functioning together in the chief concern o life.” 4. According to M

Human society and animal society differ in several key ways: 1. Complexity:-  Human societies are generally more complex, with larger populations, more specialized roles, and more intricate social hierarchies, whereas, animal societies are complex in their own rights; tend to be smaller and straightforward. 2. Culture:- Human societies have developed cultures, including language, customs, beliefs, and values, which are passed down through generations. Animal societies do not possess culture in the same way. 3. Technology:-  Humans have developed technology to adapt to their environments, whereas animals rely on instinct and natural abilities. 4. Social Structure:-  Human societies often have more flexible and dynamic social structures, whereas animal societies tend to be more rigid and hierarchical. 5. Communication:- Humans possess advanced language abilities, while animals communicate primarily through instinctual behaviors and vocalizations. 6. Self-Awareness:-  Humans have a high

# In Tabular Form   Society A Society  1. Society is a complex arrangement of social relations. 1. A society is a group of individuals. 2. Society is abstract. 2. A society is concrete. 3. Society is intangible. 3. A society is tangible. 4. No geographical area of its own. 4. It has a definite geographical area. 5. Society is complex and comprehensive system. 5. A society is a relative simple and limited system. 6. There is durability. 6. There is variability. 7. An unusual concept. 7. A specific concept. 8. Cooperation and struggle have equal importance. 8. Cooperation matters. 9. The culture, structure and values are bot clear. 9. The culture, structure and values are also clear. 10. Mutual interaction between people. 10. No mutual interaction. #  In Text Form 1. Society is a complex arrangement of social relations. While A society is a group of individuals. 2. Society is abstract. While A s

# Meaning of Society The term society is derived from Latin word ‘socius’ which means ‘companionship’ or ‘association’ or ‘togetherness’. Thus, society refers to a group of people living together with shared cultures, having social interactions and inter-relationships. In sociology, the term society refers not just to a group of people but to the complete pattern of the norms of interaction that arise among them. It is a process rather than a thing, motion rather than structure. A layman often defines society as an aggregation or collection of individuals. The important aspect of society is the system of relationships, the patterns of norms of interaction by which the members of society maintain themselves. #  Definition of Society 1. According to G.D.H. Cole :- “Society is the complex of organized associations and institutions within the community.” 2. According to Richard LaPiere :- “Society refers not just to a group of people, but to the complex pattern of norms of interaction th

# Meaning of Social Control The term social control refers to the process of maintaining social order and stability. Social control is a concept referring to rules and restrictions that shape, supervise and regulate the behaviors of individuals and societies. Social control is the control of society over the individual.   For example, shaming individuals who have engaged in crime by exposing them through public media such as newspapers, suspending a worker who has not been as productive in their work. # Definition of Social Control 1.  According to Karl Mannheim :- “Social control is the sum of those methods by which a society tries to influence human behavior to maintain a given order.” 2.  According to Ogburn and Nimkoff :- “Social control refers to the patterns of pressure which society exert to maintain order and established rules.” 3.  According to MacIver :- “By social order is meant the way in which the entire social order coheres and maintains itself, how it operates as a wh