Reference Groups- Meaning, Definition, Characteristics and Importance
The term reference group was coined by Herbert Hyman in 1942.
A reference group is a collection of people that we use as a standard of comparison for ourselves regardless of whether we are part of that group.
A reference group is a social group that an individual uses as a standard of comparison or point of reference in making evaluations and decisions. Reference groups can be primary or secondary groups, and they can be formal or informal.
# Definition of Reference Groups
1. According to Herbert Hyman:- “Reference group is a group to which an individual relates himself or aspires to relate himself psychologically.”
2. According to Johnson:- “A reference group is based on the psychological association of a person or group to other group.”
3. According to Tamotsu Shibutani:- “A reference group that group whose outlook is used by the actor as a frame of reference in the organization of his perceptual field.”
4. According to Robert K. Merton:- "A group that provides a standard or norm against which an individual evaluates themselves and their own behavior."
5. According to Muzafer Sherif:- "A group that influences an individual's judgment, attitudes, and behavior through social comparison and normative influence."
6. According to George Herbert Mead:- "A group that serves as a source of social validation and self-approval for an individual."
7. According to Richard T. LaPiere:- "A group that influences an individual's behavior and attitudes through social norms and expectations."
8. According to Talcott Parsons:- "A group that serves as a point of reference for an individual's role expectations and social obligations."
# Characteristics of Reference Groups
1. Comparison:- Reference groups provide a standard for comparison, allowing individuals to evaluate themselves.
2. Influence:- Reference groups can influence an individual's attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
3. Aspirational:- Reference groups often represent a desired status, lifestyle, or identity.
4. Non-membership:- Individuals may not be members of the reference group, but still use it as a point of comparison.
5. Normative influence:- Reference groups shape an individual's perceptions of what is normal or acceptable behavior.
6. Identity formation:- Reference groups help individuals form and shape their identities.
7. Socialization:- Reference groups socialize individuals into new beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.
8. Reference point:- Reference groups provide a reference point for individuals to evaluate their progress, status, or achievements.
9. Symbolic interaction:- Reference groups often interact with individuals symbolically, through media or social media.
10. Dynamic:- Reference groups can change over time, as individuals' preferences, values, or circumstances evolve.
# Importance of Reference Groups
1. Reference groups provide a framework for social comparison and self-evaluation.
2. Reference groups shape attitudes, values, and beliefs through social influence.
3. Reference groups offer a sense of belonging and identity.
4. Reference groups facilitate social learning and norm adoption.
5. Reference groups influence consumer behavior and purchasing decisions.
6. Reference groups provide emotional support and stress relief.
7. Reference groups foster a sense of community and social connection.
8. Reference groups promote social mobility and status advancement.
9. Reference groups support personal growth and self-improvement.
10. Reference groups contribute to socialization and cultural transmission.
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