Selfstudy Content

#  Communalism Communalism is a political philosophy, which proposes that market and money be abolished and that land and enterprises to be placed in the custody of community. But in the Indian subcontinent context, communalism has come to be associated with tensions and clashes between different religious communities in various religions. Problem that arises between the socio-religious relations of the people who belong to various minority communities on the one hand and the majority community on the other can be referred to as Communalism. It is important to note that Indian society was never homogeneous throughout history. It was a highly diverse religiously, culturally, caste-wise and linguistically but there was a hardly any tension between these groups. It all began with establishment of British rule in India and so most of the scholars agree that communalism is a modern phenomenon and not a medieval phenomenon. # Definition of Communalism 1.  According to Hussain Shaheen :- “If

#  Urbanization It is derived from the Latin ‘Urbs’ a term used by the Roman to a city. Urbanization is the movement of population from rural to urban areas and the resulting increasing proportion of population that resides in urban rather than rural places. Urbanization refers to the process of increase in the number of people living in urban areas and the ways in which the population adapts to the change. Urbanization increases with industrialization. As urbanization increases, a number of towns and cities increases and people begin to live and work in central areas. Urbanization is a result of the historic transformation of human societies, where the rural culture is being replaced by urban culture. # Definition of Urbanization 1.  According to Louis Wirth :- “Urbanization is a process of extension or accentuation of the mode of life, characteristic of a city.” 2. According to J.C. Mitchell :- “Urbanization is the process of becoming urban, moving to cities, changing from agricultur

# In Tabular Form Sanskritization Westernization 1. Sanskritization process promoted the sacred outlook. 1. Westernization process promoted secular outlook. 2. It is a process of upward mobility by a process of imitation. 2. It is a process of upward mobility by a process of development. 3. It implies mobility within the framework of caste. 3. It implies mobility outside the framework of caste. 4. It puts a taboo on meat-eating and consumption of alcohol. 4. It promoted meat-eating and consumption of alcohol. 5. It is an indigenous or internal process that explains the internal changes taking place in India's traditional social structure. 5. It is a foreign process and it is related to these external influences that have brought many changes in our society. 6. It has always existed in one form or the other in Indian history. 6. The process of westernization started from the time of British rule and grew more rapidly after i

  # Meaning of Westernization The term ‘westernization’ was coined by M.N. Srinivas to signify the changes in the Indian society during the British rule. By promoting education, egalitarianism, rationalism, humanism and above all a critical outlook towards various social issues and problems, westernization has gone long way in undermining the influence of the caste system. Westernization is a process whereby societies come under or adopt Western culture in areas such as industry, technology, law, politics, economics, lifestyle, diet, languages, alphabet, religion, philosophy and values.  Westernization means incorporation of the norms, values and cultures of the West in one’s own culture. India came under the influence of Westernization during the British rule. # Definition of Westernization According to M.N. Srinivas :- “Westernization refers to the changes brought about in the Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule and the term subsumes changes occu

# Meaning of Sanskritization The term Sanskritization was first introduced by M.N. Srinivas the famous Indian sociologist in his book “Religion and Society among the Coorgs of Southern India” to describe the culture mobility in the traditional caste structure of Indian society. In his study of the Coorgs in Karnataka region, he found that the lower castes have adapted the customs and values of the Brahmins in order to improve their position in the caste hierarchy. There are three basic elements in Sanskritization. They are: (a) Imitation :- The lower caste imitate the customs, value and behaviour patterns of the upper castes. (b) Closeness :- The lower caste through Sanskritization come nearer to the upper castes. There is much change in social relations among various castes. (c) Social mobilities :- Generally, Sanskritization helps the lower castes to move up in the social ladder. They share the status of the upper castes. # Definition of Sanskritization According to Srinivas :-

# Social Changes in India 1.  Social changes (a)  Change in family structure :- The impact of modern social forces is evident in the change of family structure. Basically join family system is prevalent in India in which the head of the family exercised absolute power over its members. He distributes work among family members. But due to modern forces, join family system is disintegrating. Now there is a trend towards the development of nuclear family. (b)  Changes in caste system :- Impact of modern forces is also evident in the institution of caste. Modern means of communication, growth of competitive economy and expansion of western education have shattered the traditional structure of caste. Thus, there is a transformation of rigid caste into modern mobile classes, certain caste have attained the privileges of upper classes while certain castes are losing their previous status. (c)  Changes in the stratification :-  The original stratification of Indian society is based on the c

# Meaning of Social Change The term social change refers to changes taking place in human society. Social change is nothing but a change in social relationship. Society is a web of social relationships. Hence social change is a change in social relationships. Social change can be observed in every society. For example- Abolition of child marriage, inter-caste marriage, high status to Indian women, etc. # Definition of Social Change 1. According to Majumdar :- “Social change may be defined as a new fashion or mode, either modifying or replacing the old, in the life of a people or in the operation of a society.” 2.  According to Jones :- “Social change is a term used to describe variations in or modifications of any aspect of social processes, social patterns, social interaction or social organization.” 3.  According to Jenson :- “Social change may be defined as modification in ways of doing and thinking to people.” 4.  According to Alvin Toffler :- “Change is the process through which f

  Sociology Notes Download notes of Sociology in English. Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                     PDF Download Read Here                      PDF Download Read Here                      PDF Download Read Here                      PDF Do