Selfstudy Content

# Social Movement In a society a large number of changes have been brought about by efforts exerted by people individually and collectively. Such efforts have been called social movements. A social movement is a sustained collective effort to shape or transform society, either by driving change or resisting it. It's a collaborative endeavor that seeks to address specific issues or overhaul the existing social structure.  Social movements can take various forms, from advocating for incremental reforms to pushing for radical, revolutionary change. While some movements focus on tweaking specific aspects of the status quo, others aim to upend it entirely, seeking fundamental transformation. The former are known as reform movements, working within the system to effect gradual change, while the latter are revolutionary movements, seeking to dismantle and rebuild the social order from the ground up. # Definition of Social Movements 1. According to Lundberg :- “Social movement as a volunt

# Meaning of Casteism Casteism is a blind group loyalty towards one’s own caste or sub caste which does not care for the interests of the other castes and their members. Casteism is partial or one-sided loyalty in favor of particular caste. The sense of caste is converted to casteism only when consideration of superiority between castes and the tendency to consider the interest of one’s own caste as opposed to the other castes are attached to it. # Definition of Casteism 1.  According to D.N. Prasad :- “Casteism is loyalty to the caste translated into politics.” 2. According to Kaka Kelkar :- “Casteism is an overriding blind and supreme group loyalty that ignores the healthy social standards of justice, fair play, equality and universal brotherhood.” # Characteristics of Casteism 1. Casteism is a harmful phenomenon that prioritizes the interests of one's own caste or sub-caste above all else, disregarding the well-being and concerns of others.  2. It hinders the spirit of democrac

# Meaning of Regionalism The term regionalism has two connotations: First, in the negative connotation, it can imply an excessive focus on regional interests, potentially leading to separatism, isolationism, or even extremism. Second, in the p ositive connotation, it can also represent a political attribute that celebrates people's affection and pride for their region, culture, language, and heritage, with a desire to preserve their unique identity and autonomy. Regionalism is a political ideology that focuses on the interests of a particular region, group of regions or other subnational entity. The region as a social system is the relation between different groups of people. Regionalism is the sense to affection and attachment for people belonging to one’s on region and hatred for those who belong to some other region. In the context of India, regionalism has manifested in diverse ways and taken multiple forms, including l inguistic regionalism, g eographic regionalism, c ultural

#  Communalism Communalism is a political philosophy, which proposes that market and money be abolished and that land and enterprises to be placed in the custody of community. But in the Indian subcontinent context, communalism has come to be associated with tensions and clashes between different religious communities in various religions. Problem that arises between the socio-religious relations of the people who belong to various minority communities on the one hand and the majority community on the other can be referred to as Communalism. It is important to note that Indian society was never homogeneous throughout history. It was a highly diverse religiously, culturally, caste-wise and linguistically but there was a hardly any tension between these groups. It all began with establishment of British rule in India and so most of the scholars agree that communalism is a modern phenomenon and not a medieval phenomenon. # Definition of Communalism 1.  According to Hussain Shaheen :- “If

#  Urbanization It is derived from the Latin ‘Urbs’ a term used by the Roman to a city. Urbanization is the movement of population from rural to urban areas and the resulting increasing proportion of population that resides in urban rather than rural places. Urbanization refers to the process of increase in the number of people living in urban areas and the ways in which the population adapts to the change. Urbanization increases with industrialization. As urbanization increases, a number of towns and cities increases and people begin to live and work in central areas. Urbanization is a result of the historic transformation of human societies, where the rural culture is being replaced by urban culture. # Definition of Urbanization 1.  According to Louis Wirth :- “Urbanization is a process of extension or accentuation of the mode of life, characteristic of a city.” 2. According to J.C. Mitchell :- “Urbanization is the process of becoming urban, moving to cities, changing from agricultur

# In Tabular Form Sanskritization Westernization 1. Sanskritization process promoted the sacred outlook. 1. Westernization process promoted secular outlook. 2. It is a process of upward mobility by a process of imitation. 2. It is a process of upward mobility by a process of development. 3. It implies mobility within the framework of caste. 3. It implies mobility outside the framework of caste. 4. It puts a taboo on meat-eating and consumption of alcohol. 4. It promoted meat-eating and consumption of alcohol. 5. It is an indigenous or internal process that explains the internal changes taking place in India's traditional social structure. 5. It is a foreign process and it is related to these external influences that have brought many changes in our society. 6. It has always existed in one form or the other in Indian history. 6. The process of westernization started from the time of British rule and grew more rapidly after i

  # Meaning of Westernization The term ‘westernization’ was coined by M.N. Srinivas to signify the changes in the Indian society during the British rule. By promoting education, egalitarianism, rationalism, humanism and above all a critical outlook towards various social issues and problems, westernization has gone long way in undermining the influence of the caste system. Westernization is a process whereby societies come under or adopt Western culture in areas such as industry, technology, law, politics, economics, lifestyle, diet, languages, alphabet, religion, philosophy and values.  Westernization means incorporation of the norms, values and cultures of the West in one’s own culture. India came under the influence of Westernization during the British rule. # Definition of Westernization According to M.N. Srinivas :- “Westernization refers to the changes brought about in the Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule and the term subsumes changes occu